ognizant Communication Corporation

Bird Behavior is an international and interdisciplinary journal that publishes high-quality, original research on descriptive and experimental analyses of species-typical avian behavior, including the areas of ethology, behavioral ecology, comparative psychology, and behavioral neuroscience. A major aim of the Journal is to improve communication among all researchers of bird behavior. For this purpose, the Editor strongly encourages submission of empirical papers and review or theoretical articles that bridge separate fields of behavior. The Journal will no longer publish unsolicited book reviews, computer programs, research proposals, or "minireviews."

The Journal encourages submission of multimedia materials that enhance submitted manuscripts (e.g., digitized bird vocalizations, photographs, and short video clips in QuickTime^TM format). The CD-ROM version of the Journal will also publish multimedia material submitted independently of submitted manuscripts. For example, such material may illustrate rare or unusual behavioral phenomena that might be of general interest to our readership. All multimedia submissions must be high-quality, original material compatible with Apple Macintosh^TM computers. Publication of submitted multimedia material is based on editorial evaluation, and submitted material will not be returned to authors.

Manuscripts should be prepared in compliance with the format outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th Edition, 1994) except as otherwise noted in the instructions to contributors outlined below.

Only papers presenting original research that have not been previously published in any form will be considered for publication. It is understood that a paper, or any part therein, submitted to Bird Behavior is not being considered for publication elsewhere, and that, upon acceptance, the authors will transfer copyright to the publisher. It is further understood that a paper, or any part therein, accepted for publication in Bird Behavior will not be published elsewhere in any form without written consent of the Publisher.

Manuscripts must be in English (non-Anglicized), typewritten or word-processed on 8-1/2 ´ 11-inch white bond paper with 1-inch margins and printed on one side only. The original should not be stapled. Submit four complete copies of the manuscript to:

Authors of accepted manuscripts will be asked to submit electronic copies of the final version of their paper on 3 and 1/2 inch diskettes in any format that is readable by Microsoft Word (version 5.1a) for Macintosh.

Cover Letter. A cover letter must accompany the manuscript with the following information:

• The name, mailing address, phone number, and (if available), Fax number and complete e-mail address of the author to whom editorial correspondence should be directed.
• A statement that neither the manuscript in its entirety nor portions therein have been published previously nor are under consideration for publication elsewhere. If the manuscript contains figures, tables, long quotations, or other material that has been published elsewhere, include letters from the publishers (and, if applicable, authors) granting permission to reproduce those materials in this manuscript; or indicate to the Editor that such permission requests are pending.
• A statement indicating that all animals involved in the study (observational as well as experimental; field as well as laboratory) were treated in a humane fashion in accordance with the guidelines of the authors' research institution and, if applicable, disposed of in a manner prescribed by the authors' research institution.
• A statement, if applicable, that all authors approve of the manuscript's submission.
• A statement, if applicable, that persons cited for unpublished work or personal communication have approved such citation.
• An optional statement indicating the names, addresses, telephone numbers, Fax numbers, and e-mail addresses of up to three potential qualified reviewers who are unfamiliar with the manuscript and work contained therein, and who do not reside at the authors' institution(s), and who have not had a mentoring relationship with any of the authors. (Such reviewers will be used at the Editor's discretion.)

General Typing/Word-Processing Instructions. Do not use boldface or italic type, and do not type entire words in all capital letters. Indicate words to be italicized by underlining them, including the scientific names of all species cited in the manuscript. After the initial citation of a species' common and scientific name, it may thereafter be referred to solely by its common name. Use italics (underlining) sparingly as a means of word emphasis. Common bird names should not be capitalized.

Each page should have a header in the upper right-hand corner comprised of the author's last name, a dash, and the page number (e.g., Tallarico-1).

Page 1: Title Page. The first page of the manuscript should contain the full title of the paper (with major words capitalized). If the manuscript is an empirical paper, the title must contain both the common and scientific name of the species studied. The title page should also contain the names of all authors and the name of the institution at which the research was conducted and/or the institution with which the author was officially affiliated while the research was being conducted (in the case of field work that might have been conducted at a remote site). Near the bottom of the page, provide a descriptive running title that is no greater than 50 characters (including punctuation and spaces).

Page 2: Abstract. Describe the research project in no more than 300 words. The Abstract should cover the main points of the article. For empirical papers, be sure that the Abstract includes background, purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. Do not use references in the Abstract. Include three to five keywords suitable for indexing at the end of the Abstract.

Page 3: Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion. Follow the format prescribed in the APA Publication Manual for this material. Note that there should be no heading for the Introduction.

The 1994 version of the APA Manual refers to "Subjects" as "Participants." In the Method section, please continue to use the conventional subheading, "Subjects," which is a more appropriate designation for nonhuman organisms.

Carefully follow the APA guidelines for levels and style of heading, abbreviations, numbers, statistics, reference citations, tables, and figures.

There should be no "Acknowledgements" section, as that information is incorporated in the Author's Note (see below).

References. The APA Publication Manual provides many detailed examples that should be followed carefully. A few general examples are as follows:

Journal Article: Staine, K. J., & Burger, J. (1994). Nocturnal foraging behavior of breeding piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) in New Jersey. Auk, 111, 579-587.

Book: Feduccia, A. (1980). The age of birds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Book Chapter: Gray, L., & Rubel, E. W. (1985). Development of auditory thresholds and frequency difference limens in chicks. In G. Gottlieb & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Measurement of audition and vision in the first year of postnatal life: A methodological overview (pp. 145-165). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Author Note. On a separate page titled "Author Note," indicate any address changes, grant support, acknowledgments of individuals who helped with the research, and an address for correspondence.

The first paragraph should list any address changes of authors, using the format, "Randall P. Russo is now at the Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124." Any other address changes for additional authors should follow in the same paragraph.

The second paragraph should, if applicable, first acknowledge grant support, listing the exact grant number (if applicable) and the granting agency. This should be followed by any acknowledgments of individuals who helped with the research.

The third paragraph should list the complete correspondence address of the author to whom reprint requests should be sent. Optionally, the mailing address may be followed by an E-Mail address. Please use the following format: "Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Donna Roy, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Electronic mail may be sent via Internet to ROY@NCSU.EDU"

Tables. Tables should be typed one per page using the style prescribed by the APA Publication Manual. Wide tables may be typed sideways, and long tables may span more than one page.

Figure Captions. All of the figure captions should be typed on the next page in accord with APA style.

Figures. Figures should be arranged one per page. High-quality computer graphics are acceptable. Be certain that you use thin lettering that is large enough to withstand size reduction. Do not mix font styles within a figure, and try to use a sans serif font (e.g., Helvetica). Halftones are also acceptable. The Editor encourages authors to submit sound spectrograms of bird vocalizations in halftone format to preserve gray scales.

Each figure should be labeled lightly on the back with a pencil. Specify the author's name, the figure number, and the figure's orientation by drawing a small arrow pointing to the top.

Multimedia Submissions. Authors of accepted manuscripts have the option of augmenting their papers with multimedia material, which will appear on a CD-ROM disk. Such material must be submitted in a format that is Macintosh compatible (for editorial review purposes). Multimedia material must be original, high quality, not previously published nor under consideration for publication elsewhere, and must truly enhance the published article. For example, authors may wish to submit bird vocalizations, high-quality halftone and color photographs, and QuickTime^TM; movie clips of interesting behaviors. The Journal will also consider publishing multimedia material that is submitted independently of an accepted manuscript as stand-alone material that might be of interest to our readership. Such material should be accompanied by a brief description consisting of a title page followed by no more than one page of double-space text. Authors are encouraged to conatct the Editor prior to submitting multimedia material to discuss submission format. Such correspondence can be via mail or E-mail at the following Internet address: millerd@uconnvm.uconn.edu